LONG ESSAY
2 X 10 = 20 Marks
1.
Define Haemostasis. Describe the mechanism of haemostasis.
2.
Write the definition, normal values and variations of cardiac output. Explain the factors regulating cardiac output.

SHORT ESSAY
10 X 5 = 50 Marks
3.
Describe the structure of granulocytes with their functions.
4.
Explain the fetal circulation.
5.
Define asphyxia. Explain the effects of asphyxia.
6.
Describe the lung volumes in detail.
7.
What are the muscles of inspiration and expiration? Explain their role in normal respiration.
8.
Define micturition. Discuss the mechanism of micturition.
9.
Describe the mechanisms involved in the concentration of urine.
10.
How does shivering help in maintaining the body temperature? Mention the temperatures in different parts of the body.
11.
Enumerate and explain the functions of skin.
12.
Describe the neuromuscular transmission.

SHORT ANSWERS
10 X 3 = 30 Marks
13.
What is acidosis? Mention its significance.
14.
What is extracellular and intracellular fluid volume?
15.
Enumerate the functions of lymph node.
16.
What are the wandering reticulo endothelial cells?
17.
Mention three functions of haemoglobin.
18.
What is AV nodal delay? What is its importance?
19.
What is respiratory cycle and trans pulmonary pressure?
20.
What is residual volume? Mention its normal value and significance.
21.
Define nephron. Draw a neat-labeled diagram of nephron.
22.
What are the juxtaglomerular cells? Mention their importance.
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